Temperature and Thermal Energy
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Olin D. Elliott |
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Subject: Physics
Topic: Thermodynamics; Temperature and Thermal Energy
Grade Level: 12
Student Lesson name and URL:
Temperature is a measure of particles (molecular) motion. Heat is determined by the temperature of an object, along with the amount of matter (density) in the object . Heat can be transferred from one object to another, and has the ability to do work.
This web page is aligned with the Glencoe Physics
textbook, chapter 12
3. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, although in many processes
energy is transferred to the environment as heat. As a basis for understanding
this concept: a. 
Standards Addressed
High School Junior or Senior
Science: Physics: Heat and Thermodynamics:
Standard 3
Students know heat
flow and work are two forms of energy transfer between systems.
b. Students know that the work done by a heat engine that is working in a cycle is the difference between the heat flow into the engine at high temperature and the heat flow out at a lower temperature (first law of thermodynamics) and that this is an example of the law of conservation of energy.
c. Students know the internal energy of an object includes the energy of random motion of the object’s atoms and molecules, often referred to as thermal energy. The greater the temperature of the object, the greater the energy of motion of the atoms and molecules that make up the object.
d. Students know that most processes tend to decrease the order of a system over time and that energy levels are eventually distributed uniformly.
e. Students know that entropy is a quantity that measures the order or disorder of a system and that this quantity is larger for a more disordered system.
f.* Students know the statement "Entropy tends to increase" is a law of statistical probability that governs all closed systems (second law of thermodynamics).
g.* Students know how to solve problems involving heat flow, work, and efficiency in a heat engine and know that all real engines lose some heat to their surroundings.
Instructional Objectives
3. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, although in many processes energy is transferred to the environment as heat. As a basis for understanding this concept:
Students know heat flow and work are two forms of energy transfer between systems.a.
Objective: Students will be able to identify the amount of heat flowing from one system to another and specify its direction. They will be able to identify the amount of work the heat has the ability to do..
b. Students know that the work done by a heat engine that is working in a cycle is the difference between the heat flow into the engine at high temperature and the heat flow out at a lower temperature (first law of thermodynamics) and that this is an example of the law of conservation of energy.
Objective: Students will be able to reconstruct a form of this diagram.
c. Students know the internal energy of an object includes the energy of random motion of the object’s atoms and molecules, often referred to as thermal energy. The greater the temperature of the object, the greater the energy of motion of the atoms and molecules that make up the object.
Objective: Students will be able to identify in a given system which part of the internal energy is in the molecule, and which part is due to its thermal motion.
d. Students know that most processes tend to decrease the order of a system over time and that energy levels are eventually distributed uniformly.
Objective: Students will be able to take a diagram of a system and transform it into one of decreased, uniform order.
e. Students know that entropy is a quantity that measures the order or disorder of a system and that this quantity is larger for a more disordered system.
Objective: Student will be able to take s system in two states, one more disordered than the other, and place relative numbers on them.
f.* Students know the statement "Entropy tends to increase" is a law of statistical probability that governs all closed systems (second law of thermodynamics).
Objective: Students will be able to formulate a statement which relates the concept of entropy and statistical probability.
g.* Students know how to solve problems involving heat flow, work, and efficiency in a heat engine and know that all real engines lose some heat to their surroundings.
Objective: Students will be able to take a problem and solve for heat flow, work done, and the engine efficiency form initial values.
- Students will make the connection between temperature as the measure of heat
- After stating a temperature, students will determine if there is a large or small amount of heat.
- Students will be able to calculate the amount of heat form a given temperature.
- After calculating heats form two temperatures, students will be able to find the difference.
- Students will be able to calculate energy content form a given temperature.
- Students will be able to identify when absolute temperatures must be used in calculations..
- Students will be able to state the formula for heat in terms of the Celsius temperature.
- Students will be able to state the formula for energy in terms of the Kelvin temperature.
Student Activities
A pre-test on the material, then the bulk of the unit, and finally the post-test to check for understanding. Re-teaching if necessary
Introductory:
Pre test on the unit.
Quick demo pp 273
Enabling:
Course material with problems
Lab pp. 281
Culminating:
Post test
Assessment
Insert your grading rubric for the culminating activity or a link to your rubric or test document file.
After implementing your lesson
(sometime between January & March), insert a chart of your pre-test,
post-test, and culminating assessment data.
Web
Resources & Supplementary Materials
Introductory Activity
List and link the web resources
for this activity here. Also link supplementary materials such as PDF files
and /or document files.
Enabling Activity
List and link the web resources
for your learning activity(ies) here. Also link supplementary materials
such as PDF files and /or document files.
Culminating Activity
List and link the web resources
for this activity here. Also link supplementary materials such as PDF files
and /or document files.
The work done by a heat engine is equal to the temperature difference between the input and output temperatures of the engine. The efficiency of the engine is the fraction of the initial energy that is converted into work.
Carnot,
Nicolas Léonard Sadi (1796-1832), French physicist and military engineer,
son of Lazare Nicolas Marguente Carnot, born in Paris, and educated at the École
Polytechnique. In 1824 he described his conception of the perfect engine, the
so-called Carnot engine, in which all available energy is utilized. He
discovered that heat cannot pass from a colder to a warmer body, and that the
efficiency of an engine depends upon the amount of heat it is able to utilize.
These discoveries led to the development of the Carnot Cycle, which later became
the basis for the second law of thermodynamics.
Mountain Empire High School
Pine Valley, CA
Olin D. Elliott elliott@sdsc.edu
Last Revised: 08/01/2000
http://physics.bu.edu/py105/notes/Heatengines.html
http://panther1660.eiu.edu/Physics/DDavis/1150/14Thermo/engines.html
http://www.unidata.ucar.edu/staff/blynds/tmp.html
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/index.html
