I    Investigating Breathing and Respiration
         Nancy Cunnion
Introduction
Standards
Objectives
Activities
Assessment 
Results
Resources
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Introduction
     Heredity is the passing on of traits, or characteristics, from parent to offspring. The units of heredity are called genes. Genes are found on the chromosomes in the cell. The combinations of genes for each trait occurs by chance. 
     When one gene in a gene pair is stronger than the other gene, the trait of the second gene is the recessive gene. Dominant genes are written as capital letters and recessive genes are written as lowercase letters. If both genes in a gene pair are the same, the trait is said to be pure. if the genes are not similar, the trait is said to be hybrid. Sometimes genes can be neither dominant or recessive. The result of such a situation is incomplete.
     The genetic makepu of an individual is known as its genotype. The observable physical characteristics of an individual that are based on its genotype ar known as its phenotype. In humans, the sex of an individual is determined by the male gene. Individuals who have two X chromsomes (XX) are females, whereas individuals with an X and a Y chromosome (XY) are males.

      Subject: Science
      Topic: Heredity/Genetics
      Grade Level: 7th
      Student Lesson name and URL:

Standards Addressed
Science: Focus on Life Science
Genetics 

1. A typical cell of any organism contains genetic instructions that specify its traits. Those traits may be modified by environmental influences. As a basis for understanding this concept, students know: 
   a. the differences between the life cycles and reproduction of sexual and asexual
       organisms.
   b. sexual reproduction produces offspring that inherit half their genes from each
       parent. 
   c. an inherited trait can be determined by one or more genes. 
   d. plant and animal cells contain many thousands of different genes, and typically
       have two copies of every gene. The two copies (or alleles) of the gene may or 
       may not be identical, and one may be dominant in determining the phenotype
       while the other is recessive.
   e. DNA is the genetic material of living organisms, and is located in the
       chromosomes of each cell. 

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Instructional Objectives
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  1. After viewing an animation of continental movement on a laser disk, students will be able to arrange the fit of the continents with continental puzzle pieces.
  2. After analyzing information from an Encarta CD, students will be able to compare the distribution of fossils, rock types and ancient climatic zones on different continents as evidence for plate tectonics by fitting puzzle pieces marked by these special features.
  3. Students will be able to draw a diagram of the earth's layers.
  4. After collecting information from The Earth CD, students will be able to locate earthquakes, volcanoes and mid ocean ridges as evidence for plate tectonics.
  5. After viewing a laser disc geology chapter, students will be able to pass a true/false quiz on lithospheric plates and layers of the earth.
  6. Students will be able to identify the major geologic events that result from plate motions in a Power Point multimedia presentation.
  7. Students will be able to present their findings on the sixth grade plate tectonics and Earth's structure standards in a Power Point multimedia presentation to an audience of peers and adults, including the World Geologic Society.
  8. Students will be able to write, edit and revise their findings on the sixth grade plate tectonics and Earth's structure standards using correct grammar, spelling and punctuation.
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Student Activities
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Introductory Activity: Observing Human Traits
Background Information
     Human Human traits, like those of other organisms, are inderited. In human beings, you see dominant, recessive and sex-linked traits. For example, tongue rolliing is a simple dominant trait. A person who has the trait can roll his orher toungue into the shape of a U. Another dominant trait is free, or unattached, ear lobs. Red-green colorblindness is a sex-linked recessive trait in humans. A person with this trait cannot easily distinguish the color red from the color green. 
     In the study of human genetics, scientists examine pedigrees, or family records, that show the transmission of inherited traits. Studying a petigree may enable a scientist to determine a person's genotype with respect to the traits studied.
     In this investigation you will determine the possible genotypes and phenotypes of certain crosses. You will also construct your own pedigree.
Problem:
     How can human traits be studied? How is a pedigree constructed?
Materials:

Procedure:
     1.  Using figure 3 of Observations, complete the Punnett square for the possible offspring of a woman who has a dominant and recessive gene for tongue rolling and a man who cannot roll his tongue.. Let T = gene for tongue rolling the t = gene for inability to roll the tongue.
     2. In a pedigree, circles represent females and squares represent males. If either shape completely colored in, it means that the person has the trait being studied. Horizontal lines are used to connect the parents, and the children are shown by vertical lines. The known genotypes for each  person may be written  below each circle or square. The female chromosomes are XX, while the male chromosomes. are XY.
     3.  Figure 1 represents the pedigree for colorblindness. Let C = gene for normal vision and c = gene for colorblindness. If a female is colorblindness

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Enabling Activity(ies)
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Culminating Activity
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Assessment

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Results
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Web Resources & Supplementary Materials

Introductory Activity
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Enabling Activity
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Culminating Activity
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Anderson Middle School
Anderson, California
E-mail me at: ncunnion@shastalink.k12.ca.us
Last Revised: December, 2000